Whether there can be voluntariness without any act?

❌ Objection 1 : It would seem that voluntariness cannot be without any act. For that is voluntary which proceeds from the will. But nothing can proceed from the will, except through some act, at least an act of the will. Therefore there cannot be voluntariness without act.

❌ Objection 2 : Further, just as one is said to wish by an act of the will, so when the act of the will ceases, one is said not to wish. But not to wish implies involuntariness, which is contrary to voluntariness. Therefore there can be nothing voluntary when the act of the will ceases.

❌ Objection 3 : Further, knowledge is essential to the voluntary, as stated above (Articles [1],2). But knowledge involves an act. Therefore voluntariness cannot be without some act.